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Congratulations on purchasing your BC Link radio from Backcountry Access. This is an important step toward improving communication within your group in the backcountry. At BCA, we believe that backcountry safety starts with good planning and clear communication. While gear like the BC Link and other BCA safety.
Note to Readers: 2019 Purchase Planning Handbook Appearing in June Issue of BCA. April 29, 2019. Looking for the 2019 Purchase Planning Handbook? 2 Purchase Planning 2.1 General 2.1.1 The Importance of Purchase Planning Effective purchase planning is essential to furthering the business and competitive interests of the Postal Service. As such, it requires the coordination and cooperation of a number of organizations and must address a number of topics.
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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2011) An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in, normally at a. These institutions commonly offer degrees at various levels, typically including, and, often alongside other, and. The most common is the bachelor's degree, although in some countries lower qualifications are titled degrees (e.g. In the US or in the UK) while in others a higher-level first degree is more usual. See also: In many countries degrees may only be awarded by institutions authorised to do so by the national or regional government. Frequently governments will also regulate the use of university in names of businesses.
This approach is followed, for example, by Australia and the United Kingdom. The use of fake degrees by individuals, either obtained from a bogus institution or simply invented, is often covered by laws. Indicating earned degrees Depending on culture and the degree earned, degrees may be indicated by a, a choice of either, or not indicated at all. In countries influenced by the UK, post-nominal letters are the norm, with only doctorates granting a title, while titles are the norm in many northern European countries. Depending on the culture and the purpose of the listing, only the highest degree, a selection of degrees, or all degrees might be listed.
The awarding institution may also be shown, and it might be specified if a degree was at level, particularly where the honours degree is a separate qualification from the ordinary bachelor's degree. For member institutions of the, there is a standard list of abbreviations for university names given in the Commonwealth Universities Yearbook, but in practice many variations are used and the Yearbook notes that the abbreviations used may not match those used by the universities concerned. For some British universities it is traditional to use Latin abbreviations, notably 'Oxon' and 'Cantab' for the Universities of and respectively, in spite of these having been superseded by English 'Oxf' and 'Camb' in official university usage, particularly in order to distinguish the from an earned MA. Other Latin abbreviations commonly used include 'Cantuar' for (awarded by the ), 'Dunelm' for, 'Ebor' for the and 'Exon' for the. The and the have abbreviations that are the same in English and Latin. (See for a more complete list and discussion of abbreviations for British universities.) Confusion can result from universities sharing similar names, e.g. The in the UK and in Canada, or in the UK and the in Australia.
In this case, the convention is to include a country abbreviation with the university's name. For example, 'York (Can.)' and 'York (UK)' or 'Newc (UK)' and 'Newc (Aus.) are commonly used to denote degrees conferred by these universities where the potential for confusion exists, and institution names are given in this form in the Commonwealth Universities Yearbook. Abbreviations used for degrees vary between countries and institutions, e.g. MS indicates in the US and places following American usage, but in the UK and most Commonwealth countries, where the standard abbreviation for Master of Science is MSc. Common abbreviations include BA and MA for and, BS/BSc and MS/MSc for and, MD for, and PhD for. Online degree.
Main article: An online degree is an academic degree (usually a college degree, but sometimes the term includes high school diplomas and non-degree certificate programs) that can be earned primarily or entirely on a basis through the use of an Internet-connected computer, rather than attending college in a traditional campus setting. Improvements in technology, the increasing use of the Internet worldwide, and the need for people to have flexible school schedules that enable them to work while attending school have led to a proliferation of online colleges that award associate's, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.
Degree systems by regions Asia Bangladesh, India and Pakistan Bangladesh, India and Pakistan mostly follow the system for classification of degrees. The arts, referring to the performing arts and literature, have the corresponding degrees: Bachelor of Arts (BA) and the Master of Arts (MA). Management degrees are also classified under 'Arts' but is nowadays considered a major new stream, Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and Master Of Business Administration (MBA). Science referring to the basic sciences and natural science (Biology, Physics, Chemistry etc.) the corresponding degree are Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) and its master is called Master of Science (M.Sc.).
Another new set of Information Technology degree conferred specially in the field of computer science, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc.IT.) and Master of Science in Information Technology (M.Sc.IT.). The engineering degrees in India follow two same patterns, (B.E.) and (B.Tech.). Both represents bachelor's degree in engineering. In Pakistan, engineering degrees are (B.E.) and (B.S./B.Sc.
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Both are same in curriculum, duration and pattern where as B.Tech. Degree holders are considered as in Pakistan. The engineering degree in Bangladesh is (B.Sc. Medical Degree – (MBBS), Dental Degree – (BDS), Computer Application Degree – (BCA) and (MCA).
Sri Lanka as many other commonwealth countries follow the British system with its own distinctions. Degrees are approved by the. Africa Tunisia Grading in Tunisia is done on a scale of 0-20.
The passing grade is 10 out of 20 which is 50% of the complete mark; 20. This grading system is used from middle-school up to university level. A PhD thesis is even graded out of 20. To get ahead on the academic ladder, one is strictly assessed numerically.
Bca Purchase Planning Handbook Templates
That is; if you are a BA holder applying for an MA program you will be admitted according to how high your grades were during your undergraduate years. See also: In Italy access to university is possible after gaining the di at 19 years of age, following 5 years of study in a specific high school focused on certain subjects (e.g. Liceo classico focused on classical subjects, including philosophy, ancient Greek and Latin; liceo scientifico focused on scientific subjects such as, and but also including philosophy, ancient Latin and Italian Literature; liceo linguistico focused on Foreign Languages and Literature; istituto tecnico focused on practical and theoretical subjects such as, and ). After gaining the diploma one can enter university and enrol in any curriculum (e.g.
Physics, medicine, chemistry, engineering, architecture): all high school diplomas allow access to any university curriculum, although most universities have pre-admission tests. In 2011, Italy introduced a qualifications framework, known as the Quadro dei Titoli Italiani (QTI), tied to the three cycles of the. This tied together in a three-level system both the new qualifications introduced as part of the Bologna process and the older, pre-Bologna qualifications, and covers qualifications from university institutions and higher education institutions for fine arts, music and dance (AFAM institutions). In addition to academic degrees, many professional qualifications are tied to the QTI at the different levels. The first level, tied to the first cycle of the Bologna Process, covers the (bachelor's degree) in universities, and the Diploma accademico di primo livello in AFAM institutions.
The older qualifications mapped to this level are the Diploma universitario and the Diploma di scuole dirette a fini speciali (SDAFS) from universities, and the Diploma di Conservatorio, Diploma di Istituto Musicale Pareggiato, Diploma dell'Accademia di Belle Arti, Diploma dell'Istituto Superiore delle Industrie Artistiche (ISIA), Diploma dell'Accademia Nazionale di Danza and Diploma dell'Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica from AFAM institutions. The laurea is obtained after three years of study (180 ECTS credits), and gives the academic title of dottore; the older university qualifications at this level took two to three years, with three year courses granting the title of dottore. The second level, tied to the second cycle of the Bologna Process, covers the Laurea magistrale and the laurea specialistica in university institutions and the Diploma accademico di secondo livello in AFAM institutions. The old Diploma di laurea is mapped to this level. The Laurea magistrale and the laurea specialistica are obtained after two further years of study (120 ECTS credits), and give the academic title of dottore magistrale. The old Diploma di laurea took four to six years but was accessed directly from school, with a possible reduction by one year for those with a related diploma, and also granted the title of dottore magistrale. The third level, tied to the third cycle of the Bologna Process, covers the Dottorato di ricerca in university institutions and the Diploma accademico di formazione alla ricerca in AFAM institutions.
The old Dottorato di ricerca and Diploma di specializzazione are tied to this level. The Dottorato di ricerca, under both new and old systems, takes a minimum of three years after the laurea magistralie/specialistica and gives the academic titles of Dottore di Ricerca (Dott. Ric.) and PhD. The old Diploma di specializzazione took two to six years and gave the academic title of Specialista. Universities in Italy offer a number of other qualifications including the Master universitario di primo livello (1 year/60 ECTS credits, 2nd cycle qualification) and the Master universitario di secondo livello (1 year/60 ECTS credits, 3rd cycle qualification), following on from the laurea and the laurea magistrale/specialistica respectively. These do not give access to the PhD. The Diploma di specializzazione, which is offered in a few specific professions, takes two to six years and gives the title of specialista.
The Diploma di perfezionamento is a university certificate, aimed at professional training or in specific study fields, which usually takes one year; it is not allocated a level on the framework. AFAM institutions may offer Diploma di perfezionamento o Master and Diploma accademico di specializzazione. These are one year and two year qualifications respectively and may be offered at second cycle or third cycle level, distinguished by adding (I) or (II) after the qualification name.
Higher Schools for Language Mediators offer the Diploma di mediatore linguistico, a first cycle degree taking three years (180 ECTS credits), which gives access to the laurea specialistica. Specialisation Institutes/Schools in Psychoterapy offer the Diploma di specializzazione in psicoterapia, a third cycle qualification taking at least four years and requiring a laurea magistrale/specialistica in either Psychology or Medicine and Surgery, along with professional registration.
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Netherlands. Spanish Official University Education Legal Framework 02 1.2 Non-official education.
Not all EHEA compliant study programmes in Spain are officially approved and/or accredited by government agencies. Some universities offer proprietary study programmes as an alternative to accredited study programmes for a variety of reasons: attending the continuing education market for individual self-advancement and also providing higher education to individuals that have failed to acquire bachelor's degree qualifications.
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The main reason for offering this alternative studies, though, is the heavy bureaucratic process that needs to be accomplished to receive the approval of specific titles, in particular when it refers to new studies or studies about matters that do not fit with the official studies. For historical reasons, the academic system has been very much under the control of the State, and private universities are still regarded with as a threat to the State system. These programmes fall within the category of 'Non officially approved and accredited' or ' Estudios no oficiales' and they have no academic or professional effects. This means that they do not entitle the bearer to claim to have any specific academic or professional qualifications, as far as the Spanish authorities are concerned. However, there may be private agreements to recognize the titles. Main article: The (AQF) covers 10 levels, of which 6 – 10 correspond to academic degrees. These are the (level 6), which normally takes 2 years, the (level 7), which normally takes 3 years, the (level 8), which normally takes 4 years, the master degree (level 9), which normally takes 1 – 2 years for 'research' or 'coursework' degrees and 3 – 4 years for an 'extended' degree and follows on from either a bachelor or honours degree, and the (level 10), which normally takes 3 – 4 years following on from a master's degree.
Also included within the higher education system are and, both of which are at level 8 (honours degree level), as well as advanced diplomas, at level 6 (associate degree level) and diplomas at level 5 (first year of a degree course). In Australia, most degrees are issued ungraded, with bachelor's degrees with honours being the exception. Doctorates in Australia may be research doctorates (normally titled ) or professional doctorates (normally titled to refer to the field of practice, e.g. Professional doctorates still require research leading to 'a significant and original contribution to knowledge in the context of professional practice' and should not be confused with extended master's degrees that bear similar names for historical reasons: the and Doctors of Medical Practice, Physiotherapy, Dentistry and Optometry. Despite their names, these extended master's degrees may not be described as doctoral degrees nor do they confer the right to use the title of doctor on their recipients. Some bachelor's degrees (e.g.
Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery) may take longer than three years to complete, and double bachelor's degrees (i.e. Completing two bachelor's degrees simultaneously in four to five years) are common. New Zealand. Main article: Like Australia, New Zealand has a 10-level qualifications framework (the New Zealand Qualifications Framework; NZQF), and a referencing exercise has found a one-to-one correspondence between the levels of the two frameworks. However, the names given to qualifications at different levels are not the same and New Zealand does not have associate degrees, thus only levels 7 – 10 correspond to academic degrees. These are the (level 7), (level 8), (level 9) and the (level 10).
In addition to these, the NZQF has certificates across levels 1 – 6, diplomas at levels 5 and 6, and at level 7 (bachelor's), and and at level 8 (honours). Another referencing exercise, comparing the NZQF to the 10-level Irish National Framework for Qualifications found that degrees were comparable but that further work was needed to improve compatibility for the sub-degree levels (1 – 6). Non-degree qualifications at levels 7 – 9 were not included in the study. In New Zealand, master's degrees may be awarded with classified honours (1st, 2:1, 2:2, 3rd), or with distinction or merit. South America Argentina. , ABA, ABS, AOS, AS, and (Australia), Associate in Specialized Technology AST , or, or, or, or, or, or or, or, or or or or or, or, or, (Oxon), (Oxon), degrees:, Access related topics.
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